Important Role Of Genome Editing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 582 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Science Essay Level High school Tags: Genetic Engineering Essay Did you like this example? ABE production globally has experienced different challenges and successes in the past years. Many production plants and industries were established to produce butanol, acetone and ethanol. However, due to the increasing price trend of crude oil, these companies have been shut down in the past four years due to the rapid drop of crude oil price. Novel and new expertise for cell and process engineering will fast-track the industrial growth of biobutanol production in the future. Solventogenic clostridia are well-studied strains due to their specific ability in alcohols (butanol and ethanol) and acetone biosynthesis. Clostridium acetobutylicum used in ABE fermentation triggered lots of research interests in recent years. Despite the fact that immense efforts have been made to increase butanol yield in the during ABE fermentation, this process still suffers from low butanol yield.   Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Important Role Of Genome Editing" essay for you Create order In order to improve biobutanol production, the butanol-producing abilities of the strains and the corresponding downstream process engineering are key factors (Wang et al., 2014). Though several researchers have worked extensively on this work, there are still limited number of genes that enhance carbon metabolism and sporulation in microbes. Several methods including single cross-over recombination and group II intron retargeting methods have been used. (Sillers et al., 2008; Tummala et al., 2003; Heap et al., 2007). Furthermore, the efficiency of metabolic engineered strains is not acceptable, even not as good as that achieved by the famous mutants Clostridium acetobutylicum JB200 from long-term adjustment and Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 from chemical mutagenesis (Annous and Blaschek, 1991; Xue et al., 2012). These proofs, presenting less efficiency of rational metabolic engineering compared to traditional random mutagenesis and screening, suggested disadvantaged strain development due to inadequate genetic tools and comprehension of molecular mechanism. With the improvement of genome editing technology and system biology, strain development for ABE fermentation is expected to make a significant breakthrough in coming years. In addition, in situ product recovery techniques lowers the effect of butanol toxicity and efficiently reduce the production cost via continuous removal butanol during fermentation, which will also promote the development of biobutanol production. Recent synthetic biology efforts have successfully introduced butanol toxicity tolerant and butanol- producing genes into various non-native producing microorganisms including E. coli, cyanobacteria, S. cerevisiae, C. tyrobutyricum etc. (Lan and Liao, 2012a, 2012b; Krivoruchko et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2011) Although these studies have demonstrated the potential and feasibility of applying these not-native hosts for butanol production, the butanol titers and productivities achieved are very low, some of which are disappointingly at least one order of magnitude lower than that achieved by the native butanol-producing strains Clostridium acetobutylicum JB200 or Clostridium beijerinckii BA101. Furthermore, C. acetobutylicum is a typical strain for butanol production, and thus, the genetic manipulation and process engineering strategies developed based on C. acetobutylicum can also be implemented in other species of Clostridium and non-native producing strains. Here, we review the problems and advances in butanol production by C. acetobutylicum, including mechanism and regulation of sugar uptake, metabolic engineering and genome editing for strain improvement, and integrated recovery technologies including conventional single integrated techniques and advanced hybrid recovery strategies. Based on the summarized work of the past decades, this review highlighted the important role of genome editing and impercipient metabolic regulation in C. acetobutylicum, which could contribute a lot for strain development. In addition, integration of fermentation and recovery aiming to improve the efficiency of biobutanol production was discussed.Wehope this reviewcould facilitate the development and expansion of strain and process engineering formicrobial butanol production, and the final revival of biobutanol production in the future.

Illiteracy Among African Americans Essay - 1577 Words

Running Head: Illiteracy among African Americans Illiteracy among African Americans LaKisha Heard Marygrove College Abstract The high rate of illiteracy is a major problem in the United States. Although there have been programs and initiatives started to eradicate this problem, illiteracy still plagues millions of Americans. Out of all ethnic groups, African Americans have a higher illiteracy rate. Within this project, the causes of illiteracy are revealed and viable solutions to this on-going problem will be discussed. Illiteracy Among African-Americans African-American adults do not have the ability or proper skills to read, write, or speak English correctly. African-Americans have the lowest level of literacy rates in†¦show more content†¦These African Americans with low income rates are also receiving help from the government. African American illiteracy is common because researchers feel; this ability is from cognitive and physical effects of age. Researchers feel African American are not expand to assessments of printed material written. African Americans proficiencies results showed t hirty-eight percent of them scored high on there examine. The United States has specialized a program in the schools, recreation centers, and after school programs from literacy. African Americans with illiteracy receive basic skills courses to enhance their reading, writing, and English skills. The African American programs illiteracy that supports the group by designing fundamental speaking and educational classes. These classes will better prepare and motivate African American to get their GED and workforce training. African Americans have the most students of 76% or more enrolled in these classes for illiteracy. African Americans also have outreach programs for illiteracy throughout the region. African American regions are processing new strategies for people below average functioning under level number one literacy. There are state officials, business leaders, and human resources who promote assessment class to determine the adequate needs for African Americans needing m ore help with illiteracy. The AfricanShow MoreRelatedThe Issue and History of Illiteracy Among African Americans1510 Words   |  7 PagesHistory Of Illiteracy Among African Americans Becca White Writing 123 Instructor Sydney Darby 27 May 2008 Illiteracy is a growing issue in America. The U.S. Department of Education funded the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) in 1992 that estimates over 90 million Americans fall well below an eight grade literacy level (Rome, 2004, pp. 84). Nowhere is this tragedy more prevalent than among the impoverished African Americans. Illiteracy has always been higher among African Americans now theRead MoreCorrelation Between Parental Literacy And Literacy1349 Words   |  6 PagesIntergenerational literacy refers to the cycle of low literacy that exists in families. This paper will examine intergenerational illiteracy and programs that increase family literacy while decreasing high school dropout. To answer the question; Does intergenerational illiteracy affect educational achievement and what can be done to decrease intergenerational illiteracy and increase literacy education levels? This paper will analyze research that shows the connection between parental literacy andRead MoreHealth Promotion Among Black or African Population Gcu1095 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Promotion Among Black or African American Population [Your Name] Grand Canyon University: Family-Centered Health Promotion(NRS-429V) January 10, 2016  Health Promotion Among Black or African American Population The Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2015) notes that â€Å"Starting in 1997, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) requires federal agencies to use a minimum of five race categories: White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska NativeRead MoreEssay on Strom Thurmond1063 Words   |  5 Pageswas able to defeat 10 other candidates. Strom Thurmond has been a strong personal influence on Southern politics. His influence can be seen through; his early work on the Edgefield school board, his efforts to somewhat improve conditions for African Americans, the Dixiecrat, his victory as a write in candidate for the U.S. Senate, his record setting 1957 filibuster, his switch to the Republican Party, his support of Richard Nixon, his influence on Clarence Thomas appointment to the supreme courtRead MoreAmerican Dream or American Scream? Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesand amber waves of grain. From one shining sea to another lies this relatively adolescent country. An â€Å"unestablished† land until very recently, the United States of America was adopted and cultured like one of Brangelina’s children. In crept the â€Å"American Dream†, laced with its fierce politics and even fiercer religious perspectives, simultaneously providing its citizens the fire and passion that drives all, if not many cult ures. And, with such a rapid development of diversity in such a short amountRead MoreEssay on Social Aspect of Substance Abuse1001 Words   |  5 Pagesaddiction is often defined as an illness not just of the individual but of the whole family. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)’s 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health revealed that an estimated 22 million Americans age 12 or older suffered from substance dependence or abuse due to alcohol, illicit drugs or both. There are many different social aspects for drug use and it presents a challenge to the stability and influence of any family. Wormer Davis (2010)Read MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker966 Words   |  4 Pagesreading and writing have become normal acts and a basic needs. A large number of children have been enrolled into schools as a basic requirement. In this context however, ability to read and write symbolizes power. The setting is that of black Americans among whites. Reading and writing was a reserve of the whites. The narrator dropped out in second grade and does not know how to read or write. She also says they could not ask why their school closed; showing a lack of power. Dee seems to possess aRead MoreVaccination Crisis And Controversies Of Africa1620 Words   |  7 PagesMarin Lucio Mare October 18, 2017 Midterm Report: â€Å"Vaccination Crisis and Controversies in Africa† The Africa past colonial, past aftereffects, and its evils like malnutrition, illiteracy, war and the refusal of a part of the population in the developed countries especially in America to let American children get vaccinated raised the problem of vaccination especially in a bruised population in Africa. The current problem is whether to suspend vaccination campaigns or to continue the vaccinationRead MoreThe Effects Of Racial Discrimination On Brazil s Situation By Disproving The Idea That It Is A Racial Democracy1603 Words   |  7 PagesBrazil as a ‘racial democracy’. A country that escaped racism and racial discrimination due to its unique miscegenation between the three races present at the time: Portuguese, African slaves and indigenous people. Where, as a member of this ‘racially democratic’ society, I would supposedly be treated the same way as say, african-brazilians, descendants of Italians, or native brazilians. However, by living in, growing u p in, and experiencing Brazil’s culture, I can definitely state that this is but aRead MoreWashington vs. Du Bois Dbq1362 Words   |  6 Pagesmore effective and appropriate proposition for the time whereas Du Boiss approach is precedent to movements in the future. Both have equal influence over African Americans in politics. Washingtons proposal excels in reference to education while Du Bois can be noted for achieving true respect from white Americans. Du Bois urged African Americans to involve themselves in politics. Gaining this power would be essential to immediate beseeching of rights. Political association would prevent blacks from

Principles of Development Free Essays

PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT –Early foundations are critical. –Role of maturation and learning. –Follows definite and predictable pattern. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now –All individuals are different. –Each phase has characteristic behaviour. –Each phase of development has hazards. –Development is aided by simulation. –devt: is affected by cultural changes. –Social expectations in every stage. –Traditional beliefs about people of all ages. ?STAGES IN LIFE SPAN 1. PRE-NATAL PERIOD – CONCEPTION – BIRTH 2. INFANCY -Birth- end of 2w 3. BABYHOOD – 2w- 2y 4. EARLY CHILDHOOD -2-6 5. LATE CHILDHOOD -6-12 6. PUBERTY -10/11 -13/14 7. ADOLESCENCE -13/14 – 18 8. EARLY ADULTHOOD -18-40 9. MIDDLE AGE -40-50 MA / 50-60 LA 10. OLD AGE -60 -Death ?Pre-natal 270-280 days. 10 lunar months Basic body structure and organs form Rapid physical growth Vulnerability to environmental influence is great 1. Heredity endowment 2. Heredity potentials influenced strongly by envt. 3. Fixing up of sex 4. High rate of growth(1cell to 20 inches length) 5. Period of hazards 6. Attitude of significant people ?Pre-natal Hazards Period of Zygote ?starvation, Lack of Uterine preparation ? implanting wrongly, Period of Embryo ?miscarriage, ? Developmental irregularities Period of Foetus ?miscarriage, ?Pre-maturity, ?delivery complications, ?developmental Irregularities, ?Factors influence development –Age of mother, –Illness and infections –Blood RH factor –Birth complications –Drugs, x-rays, envtl. Hazards, –Paternal factors-smok,alcohol, radiations , pesticide –Maternal emotions –Diet and physical condition of the mother –Hormones ?Infancy- neonate. ?Extreme helplessness ?Shortest period ?Radical adjustment ?Loss of weight Disorganized behaviour ?High mortality ?Physical devt. ?Increase height weight, muscles ?Bones and skeleton transformed ?Brain cells grows ?Breast feeding starts ?Reflex of new born ?Sex determination ?Nature –Nurture influence *physical- obesity,aging *cognitive-IQ *psycho-social- Personality-reacting to situations, extrovert, depression, leadership,nail biting,sleepwalking,other emotions disorders like schizophrenia, infantile a utism, alcoholism. ? Sensory capacity increases ?Touch is the earliest sense ?Smell- can distinguish different odour ?Taste sense well developed Hearing is least developed ?Vision- half of the adult- color vision is absent or minimal ? SIDS-sudden infant death syndrome-crib death Motor development ?Head control ?Hand control ?Locomotion ?Grasping ?Rolling over ?Sitting up ?Crawling ?Standing Common problems Unfavorable parental environment Multiple birth Complicated birth Post maturity- pre-maturity Infant mortality Psychological –traditional beliefs Helplessness , developmental lag, plateau, lack of stimulation, new parent blue, unfavorable attitude,.. ?Babyhood ?1. True foundation,- 2. ,Age of rapid growth devt. 3Decreasing dependency 4 Increased individuality 5 Beginning of socialization 6. Sex role typing 7. Appealing age 8,Age of creativity ? Hazardous—–(Ph)mortality, crib death, illness, accidents, malnutrition, foundation of obesity, habits, (Psy)-delayed motor devt. , delayed speech, emotional,play,social, family, // ? Rolling over , Sitting up, Crawling , Standing ?Play years 2-6 ?Physical growth ,Language devt. – chatter box , Socialisation , Peer influence, Negativism, self-centered, increased independence . Trust-vs-mistrust ,Personality-emotional, temperamental, cognitive ctivity level- regularity predictability approach/withdrwal- initial response ?Age of troublesome, pre-school, pre-gang age ?Child abuse neglect ?Causes__ characteristics of abuser ?90% at home, 90% not psychotic, unrealistic expectations ? Victim ?Families ?Communities ?Cultures ?Parent – child relationship ?Attachment behaviour ?Sibling relation- regress to earlier behaviour, suck thir thumb, wet their parent, use baby talk etc ? Father to take care- interaction-play style ?Pl aymates ?Stranger anxiety separation anxiety-starts 6months,active father care reduces St. A. sep. ax. related to attachment Behaviour ? Institutionalization- not harmful, if attachment and opportunities available- eg-MR ? Sociability-1-2 less, 2-increase interest in peers, imitation vocally . ?School years 6-12 ?Learning physical skills ?Learning to get along with agemate ?Appropriate sex roles ?Develop fundamental skills- reading,writing,calculating ? Develop concepts of everyday life ?Develop conscience, morality, values ?Develop social attitudes ?Phisical devt. -Height,weight,body proportion,body build, 1-2 Teeth-permanent teeth ? Emotional and social devt. ?Personality devt. -family-ordinal position-decipline, school-techers adjestment, society-socioeconomic status, culture-social pestige. ?Adolescence11-18 ?puberty ?State of growth ?State of maturation ?Concerns about physical changes, egocentrism ?Psychological- good look grooming ?Social changes- peer influence ?Social groupings- close, crowds, organised, gangs ?Family relationship- generation gap, cultural gap, identity crisis, frictional, ? Personality changes-pleasing, ideal,maturity individuality, ? Social changes How to cite Principles of Development, Papers

Production Planning and Contro... free essay sample

Production Planning and Control for Marine and Offshore Shipbuilding Abstract In this report, I am identifying and analysing my companys (PaxOcean Shipyard) supply chain planning, control issues and providing recommendations for improvements. PaxOcean Engineering Pte Ltd (PaxOcean, n. d) is a subsidiary of a Singaporean multinational conglomerate, Kuok Singapore Limited (Kuok Singapore Limited, n.d.), established since year 2007. PaxOcean is a progressive and integrated marine and offshore service provider, offering oil rigs and vessels construction, ship repair and conversion. The shipbuilding supply chain is a very complex process (Sarder, Ali, Ferreira and Rahman, 2010), especially the length of duration it takes (normally 18 months to 24 months, depends on the vessels type, See Appendix 1 – copy PaxOcean Brouchure) to complete a newbuild vessel. It can prove very tough in successfully manage this type of supply chain without causing an undesirable impact on the rest of business functions and the overall profit of the company (Sarder, Ali, Ferreira and Rahman, 2010). In addition, shipbuilding also involve with hundreds of materials and equipment for fabrication works and assemble into a complete vessel (Appendix 2, Bill Of Materials). This report focuses on the PaxOceans supply chain and in particular on management of the material and its impact of PaxOceans bottom line. Improvements in material management will help PaxOcean in better position to receive future orders and eventually provide the Ship Owner with quality of ships needed to carry out its purpose. The overview flow of complete shipbuilding activity and competencies required as shown in. Vessels construction is a comprehensive design and long lead time process that demands careful planning and timely decision-making that meet Ship Owners requirements. Planning, optimizing and validate processes before vessel construction can be started. In fact, shipyard is an Engineer-to-order (Hicks, McGovern ; Earl, 2000) company that designs and fabricate vessel (Appendix 3) when orders are placed by Ship Owner. This process involves the cooperation of all parties, including the Ship Owner, shipbuilder and its suppliers. The process further necessitates a seamless interaction of the ship designer, equipment makers, material management, planning, scheduling and production. This is the method of interactions that can either cost the shipbuilder and Ship Owner due to rework and rescheduling or allow PaxOcean to construct the vessels at the cost and in the timeframe allotted by the contract. Due to costly of constructing vessels and current practices in shipbuilding industry, PaxOcean does not make a large profit and sometimes not at all. Discussion and Analysis Pre-Contract Signing Usually, Ship Owner provides specifications and schedules that allow PaxOcean to determine what materials and/or equipment will be needed. From this information, planning and scheduling of what materials are to be purchased, who will it be purchased from, and when to purchase it in order to meet requisition on site dates. At contract baseline, Ship Owner and PaxOcean determines what are the long lead time materials and equip ment. Normally, Ship Owner agrees to pay down-payment in order for PaxOcean to login order those long lead time and expensive major equipment such as main engine and propulsion system. In addition, the subsequent payment will be made by the Owner to PaxOcean upon production milestone is achieved. Below is an example of payment milestone associate with major deliverables. Shipbuilding Project/Production Planning In most of the shipyard including PaxOceans production planning and management in the initially centered on a Work Breakdown Structure. Systematically managing engineering data has become a subject of interest since the shipbuilding industry practising the concept of WBS, which treats each vessel as a project basis and defines the scope of works. The network gives a logical, showing the individual elements of work and their interrelation in the planned order of execution. In addition, it is used for overall planning of a project and also for detailed planning with production progress control. Since ETO process, there is the architecture of the whole production planning system and express the information flow. Therefore, shipbuilding processes in PaxOcean focusing on hierarchy and system development for production planning which flow from engineering basic design in accordance to ship owners vessel specification, to procurement, production till vessel delivery. Figure 6 shows that various tasks are need to be performed during construction, thereby making process management considerably significant. It is particularly important to plan and control production activities (Chaulya ; Prasad, 2016), because production constitutes the largest part of the overall process. For example, Project Manager has to plan when is the equipment shall be in placed, sequentially plan of ship blocks assembly, follow by equipment installation and blocks erection. As such, PM to facilitate procurement team with a list of ROS dates for dealing with suppliers on equipment estimate to arrive at shipyard.Most of the long lead-time equipment are make-to-order or engineer-to-order, therefore, it is crucial to deliver equipment on time in order to avoid any delay of vessel delivery to Ship Owner.Ship Design and Constrain Since it takes anywhere from one to two years for building a vessel; therefore, there are possibility changes to the original baseline, including design and material changes, specifically to keep up with technology changes. Ship design based on international marine rules and regulation (IMO, n.d.); different Classification Society (IACS, n.d.) includes a large communications suite that must be technologically advanced, so what was up to date at the beginning of the contract, rapidly becomes out of date as the years progress. The same goes for suppliers who can no longer provide PaxOcean with certain materials. For example, Classification Society enforce on new rules of Ocean Clean environment that all vessels must meet United States Coast Guard (USCG, n. d.) requirement; these are involved all materials/equipment streamline from a shipbuilding contract received to deliver the vessels. This is usually causes a schedule slip that renders into escalating costs and profits lost. Of course, without the material/equipment that is needed, production comes to a halt, worst scenario would be vessel is not able to deliver and sail due to not compliance.